Acoso sexual contra las mujeres en el trabajo: una revisión bibliográfica integradora

Mônica Bernardes; Bianca Luisa Rodrigues Lopes; Júlia Gonçalves

Acoso sexual contra las mujeres en el trabajo: una revisión bibliográfica integradora

Autores/as

Mônica Bernardes Atitus Educação https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7240-1434
Bianca Luisa Rodrigues Lopes Atitus Educação
Júlia Gonçalves Atitus Educação https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2804-1045

Palabras clave:

acoso sexual, mujeres trabajadoras, revisión integrativa de la literatura, violencia en el trabajo

Resumen

El acoso sexual en el trabajo comprende comportamientos indeseados relacionados con el género que la persona afectada considera ofensivos o amenazantes. En esta investigación se recopiló y caracterizó los principales hallazgos de estudios empíricos sobre acoso sexual en el trabajo contra mujeres. Se buscó artículos en portugués, inglés o español presentes las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed y Lilacs, publicados entre los años 2013 y 2022. Se seleccionaron 58 artículos para análisis. El acoso sexual es una forma de violencia prevalente en el mundo laboral, siendo las mujeres las principales víctimas. Los más comunes son el acoso de género y el verbal, y se destaca en entornos con mayor desequilibrio de poder. El sector de la salud presenta altos índices de victimización. Las consecuencias de esta violencia afectan a la salud mental y física de las víctimas. El miedo a sufrir represalias, a ser perjudicadas, a perder el empleo o a creer que no se hará nada al respecto se asocian a los bajos índices de denuncia. Pocos estudios se centran en las intervenciones, y se informa la falta de políticas contra el acoso y de directrices o procedimientos formales para denunciarlo y combatirlo.

Biografía del autor/a

Mônica Bernardes, Atitus Educação

Graduada em Psicologia (Atitus Educação). Mestranda em Psicologia pelo Programa de Pós Graduação em Psicologia da ATITUS Educação, com bolsa CAPES. Membra do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Cognição e Justiça (CogJus). Participa do Grupo de Estudos Pesquisas em Processos Psicossociais nas Organizações e no Trabalho (GePot), sob coordenação da Prof. Dra. Júlia Gonçalves. Participa e desenvolve de pesquisas e produções técnicas nas áreas de Psicologia Forense e do Testemunho, com foco nas temáticas de Entrevista Investigativa, violência e assédio sexual.

Bianca Luisa Rodrigues Lopes, Atitus Educação

Graduanda de Psicologia (Atitus Educação). Participa do Grupo de Estudos Pesquisas em Processos Psicossociais nas Organizações e no Trabalho (GePOT) e bolsista de iniciação científica sob coordenação da Prof. Dra. Júlia Gonçalves.

Júlia Gonçalves, Atitus Educação

Doutora em Psicologia - Área de Psicologia das Organizações e do Trabalho - pela UFSC (2019) com período sanduíche no Departamento de Psicologia Social da Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona - UAB/Espanha (2017). Mestre em Psicologia - Ênfase em Psicologia da Saúde pela UFSM (2014). Especialista em Psicoterapia Cognitivo Comportamental (WP/FACCAT, 2013). Especialista em Gestão de Pessoas e Marketing (UFN, 2012). Graduada em Psicologia (UFN, 2009). Coordenadora do Programa de Pós Graduação em Psicologia (desde agosto de 2022), Docente do Programa de Pós Graduação em Psicologia (desde 2020) e na Graduação em Psicologia (desde 2018) na Atitus Educação (Campi Passo Fundo/RS). Coordenadora do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Processos Psicossociais nas Organizações e no Trabalho (GePot) e Pesquisadora do Núcleo de Estudos de Processos Psicossociais e de Saúde nas Organizações e no Trabalho (desde 2015 -NEPPOT/UFSC). Membro do GT Cultura Organizacional e Saúde no Trabalho (Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Psicologia - ANPEPP). Membro da Diretoria da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho (SBPOT - Gestão 2022-2024).

Citas

As referências com asterisco se referem aos artigos incluídos na revisão de literatura.

* Aloraier, H. A., Altamimi, M. R., Ahmed, A. E., Abdullah, A. R., Almutairi, S. T., AlQuaiz, A. M., Kazi, A., & Alhalal, E. (2022). Sexual harassment and mental health of female healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30860

* Adams, E. A., Darj, E., Wijewardene, K., & Infanti, J. J. (2019). Perceptions on the sexual harassment of female nurses in a state hospital in Sri Lanka: a qualitative study. Global Health Action, 12(1), 1560587. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1560587

* Adler, M., Vincent-Höper, S., Vaupel, C., Gregersen, S., Schablon, A., & Nienhaus, A. (2021). Sexual harassment by patients, clients, and residents: Investigating its prevalence, frequency and associations with impaired well-being among social and healthcare workers in Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105198

* Agardh, A., Priebe, G., Emmelin, M., Palmieri, J., Andersson, U., & Östergren, P. O. (2022). Sexual harassment among employees and students at a large Swedish university: who are exposed, to what, by whom and where – a cross-sectional prevalence study. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14502-0

* Ali, F., & Kramar, R. (2014). An exploratory study of sexual harassment in Pakistani organizations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(1), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9380-1

* Basile, K. C., D’Inverno, A. S., & Wang, J. (2020). National Prevalence of Sexual Violence by a Workplace-Related Perpetrator. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(2), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.011

Brasil (2001). Lei 10.224, de 15 de maio de 2001. Dispõe sobre o crime de assédio sexual e dá outras providências. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/leis_2001/l10224.htm

C190 - Convenção (no 190) sobre Violência e Assédio (2019). Convenção sobre a eliminação da violência e do assédio no mundo do trabalho. Adopção: Genebra, 108 ª sessão da CIT (2019, 21 de Junho). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-lisbon/documents/genericdocument/wcms_729459.pdf

* Campbell, C., Kramer, A., Woolman, K., Staecker, E., Visker, J., & Cox, C. (2013). Effects of a brief pilot sexual harassment prevention workshop on employees’ knowledge. Workplace Health & Safety, 61(10), 425–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/216507991306101002

* Ceppa, D. P., Dolejs, S. C., Boden, N., Phelan, S., Yost, K. J., Donington, J., Naunheim, K. S., & Blackmon, S. (2020). Sexual harassment and cardiothoracic surgery: #UsToo? The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 109(4), 1283–1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.07.009

* Chen, H., Kwan, H. K., & Ye, W. (2021). Effects of sexual harassment on work–family enrichment: the roles of organization-based self-esteem and polychronicity. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 40(2), 409–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-021-09787-5

* Clancy, K. B., Nelson, R. G., Rutherford, J. N., & Hinde, K. (2014). Survey of academic field experiences (SAFE): Trainees report harassment and assault. PloS one, 9(7), e102172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102172

* Clarke, H. M. (2022). #Metoo or #Hertoo? A moderated mediation model of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(6), 3105–3120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02344-1

Cortina, L. M., & Areguin, M. A. (2021). Putting people down and pushing them out: sexual harassment in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606

* Dagnaw, E. H., Sisay, F. A., Tadesse, S. G., Feleke, D., Yemata, G. A., Erega, B. B., Kettema, W. G., & Geremew, M. A. (2022). Sexual harassment at the workplace is still a hindrance among midwives and nurses working in Northwestern Ethiopia referral hospitals: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 15, 2453–2459. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s368061

* Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. (2019). The promise and peril of sexual harassment programs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(25), 12255–12260. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818477116

Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2

* Folke, O., & Rickne, J. (2022). Sexual harassment and gender inequality in the labor market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 137(4), 2163–2212. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac018

Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública (2023). 17º Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/anuario-2023.pdf

Galvão, T. F., Pansani, T. D. S. A., & Harrad, D. (2015). Principais itens para relatar revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises: A recomendação PRISMA. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 24, 335-342. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000200017

* Gautam, U., & Bajpai Tewari, D. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) about sexual harassment at workplace: A roadmap for sustainable workplaces. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(4), 72. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n4p72

* Gibson, C. J., Lisha, N., Lalchandani, P., & Huang, A. J. (2021). Workplace sexual harassment: Potential long-term associations with psychological function in older adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(3), 692–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06591-1

* Giglio, V., Schneider, P., Bond, Z., Madden, K., McKay, P., Bozzo, A., Bhandari, M., & Ghert, M. (2022). Prevalence of gender-based and sexual harassment within orthopedic surgery in Canada. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 65(1), E45–E51. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.013120

* Gómez, J. S., Viera, E. C., Espínola, C. F., Arbinaga, F., & Reyes, S. S. (2019). Acoso laboral en el arbitraje de fútbol. Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y El Ejercicio Físico, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2019e17

* Hardies, K. (2023). Prevalence and correlates of sexual harassment in professional service firms. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1082088

* Herweck, A. M., Kumnick, A., Perone, H., Muller, C., & Bornstein, K. (2021). ‘What a pretty assistant you have’: Addressing sex-based harassment by patient offenders in undergraduate medical training. Medical Science Educator. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01289-9

* Hobbs, M., Klachky, E., & Cooper, M. (2021). Addressing organizational climate can potentially reduce sexual harassment of female agricultural workers in California. California Agriculture, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2021a0014

* Hogh, A., Conway, P. M., Clausen, T., Madsen, I. E. H., & Burr, H. (2016). Unwanted sexual attention at work and long-term sickness absence: a follow-up register-based study. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3336-y

* Innes, S., Maurice, L., Lastella, M., & O’Mullan, C. (2021). Understanding Australian female chiropractors’ experiences of inappropriate patient sexual behaviour: a study using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Chiropractic; Manual Therapies, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-021-00394-1

International Labour Organization (ILO; 2022). Experiences of violence and harassment at work: a global first survey. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/experiences-violence-and-harassment-work-global-first-survey

* Jenner, S. C., Djermester, P., & Oertelt-Prigione, S. (2020). Prevention strategies for sexual harassment in academic medicine: A qualitative study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5–6), NP2490–NP2515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520903130

* Jonsdottir, S. D., Hauksdottir, A., Aspelund, T., Jakobsdottir, J., Runarsdottir, H., Gudmundsdottir, B., Tomasson, G., Valdimarsdottir, U. A., Halldorsdottir, T., & Thordardottir, E. B. (2022). Risk factors for workplace sexual harassment and violence among a national cohort of women in Iceland: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Public Health, 7(9), e763–e774. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00201-8

* Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2020). How does sexual harassment influence the female employee’s negative response in a Deluxe Hotel? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9537. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249537

* Kaplan, S. J. (2021). Library workers experiencing or observing sexual harassment in University of California libraries is commonplace and commonly unreported. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 16(4), 144–146. https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip30030

* Kensbock, S., Bailey, J., Jennings, G., & Patiar, A. (2014). Sexual harassment of women working as room attendants within 5‐star hotels. Gender, Work & Organization, 22(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12064

* Keplinger, K., Johnson, S. K., Kirk, J. F., & Barnes, L. Y. (2019). Women at work: Changes in sexual harassment between September 2016 and September 2018. Plos One, 14(7), e0218313. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218313

* Kim, N. J.-E., Vásquez, V. B., Torres, E., Nicola, R. M. B., & Karr, C. (2016). Breaking the silence: sexual harassment of Mexican women farmworkers. Journal of Agromedicine, 21(2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924x.2016.1143903

* Madera, J. M. (2017). When targets blame their organization for sexual harassment: A multilevel investigation of within-person appraisals. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 59(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965517730317

* Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Nyberg, A., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Bondestam, F., & Madsen, I. E. H. (2020). Work related sexual harassment and risk of suicide and suicide attempts: prospective cohort study. BMJ, m2984. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2984

* Mahurin, H. M., Garrett, J., Notaro, E., Pascoe, V., Stevenson, P. A., DeNiro, K. L., & Shinohara, M. M. (2022). Sexual harassment from patient to medical student: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03914-6

* Maran, A. D., Varetto, A., & Civilotti, C. (2022). Sexual harassment in the workplace: Consequences and perceived self-efficacy in women and men witnesses and non-witnesses. Behavioral Sciences, 12(9), 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12090326

* Marín, L. S., Barreto, M., Montano, M., Sugerman-Brozan, J., Goldstein-Gelb, M., & Punnett, L. (2021). Workplace sexual harassment and vulnerabilities among low-wage Hispanic women. Occupational Health Science, 5(3), 391–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-021-00093-6

* McDonald, P., Charlesworth, S., & Graham, T. (2015). Action or inaction: bystander intervention in workplace sexual harassment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(5), 548–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1023331

* McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. (2017). The economic and career effects of sexual harassment on working women. Gender & Society, 31(3), 333–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217704631

* Merkin, R. S., & Shah, M. K. (2014). The impact of sexual harassment on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and absenteeism: findings from Pakistan compared to the United States. SpringerPlus, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-215

* Moreau, C., Bedretdinova, D., Duron, S., Bohet, A., Panjo, H., Bajos, N., & Meynard, J. B. (2021). From sexual harassment to sexual assault: Prevalence and correlates of sexual trauma in the French military. Plos One, 16(11), e0259182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259182

* Murphy, J., Samples, J., Morales, M., & Shadbeh, N. (2014). “They talk like that, but we keep working”: sexual harassment and sexual assault experiences among Mexican indigenous farmworker women in Oregon. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(6), 1834–1839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-9992-z

* Newman, C., Nayebare, A., Neema, S., Agaba, A., & Akello, L. P. (2021). Uganda’s response to sexual harassment in the public health sector: from “dying silently” to gender-transformational HRH policy. Human Resources for Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00569-0

O'Connell, C. E., & Korabik, K. (2000). Sexual harassment: The relationship of personal vulnerability, work context, perpetrator status, and type of harassment to outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(3), 299–329. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1717

Organização Mundial do Trabalho [OIT], (2020). Ambientes de trabalho seguros e saudáveis livres de violência e de assédio. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-lisbon/documents/publication/wcms_783092.pdf

* Papantoniou, P. (2021). Comparative analysis of sexual harassment between male and female nurses: A cross‐sectional study in Greece. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1470-1481. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13419

* Pei, X., Chib, A., & Ling, R. (2021). Covert resistance beyond #Metoo: mobile practices of marginalized migrant women to negotiate sexual harassment in the workplace. Information, Communication & Society, 25(11), 1559–1576. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2021.1874036

* Pitot, M. A., White, M. A., Edney, E., Mogensen, M. A., Solberg, A., Kattapuram, T., & Kadom, N. (2022). The current state of gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the radiology workplace: A survey. Academic Radiology, 29(3), 416–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2021.01.002

* Sears, K. L., & Papini, D. R. (2019). Psychosocial maladjustment arising from workplace sexual behavior directed at adolescent workers. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 7(1), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2019.1653188

* Smeds, M. R., & Aulivola, B. (2020). Gender disparity and sexual harassment in vascular surgery practices. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 72(2), 692–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.071

* Subbiah, I. M., Markham, M. J., Graff, S. L., Matt-Amaral, L. B., Close, J. L., Griffith, K. A., & Jagsi, R. (2022). Incidence, nature, and consequences of oncologists’ experiences with sexual harassment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(11), 1186–1195. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.02574

* Tan, M. P. C., Kwan, S. S. M., Yahaya, A., Maakip, I., & Voo, P. (2020). The importance of organizational climate for psychosocial safety in the prevention of sexual harassment at work. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12192

* Landin, T. T., Melin, T., Mark Kimaka, V., Hallberg, D., Kidayi, P., Machange, R., Mattsson, J., & Björling, G. (2020). Sexual harassment in clinical practice—a cross-sectional study among nurses and nursing students in Sub-Saharan Africa. SAGE Open Nursing, 6, 237796082096376. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960820963764

U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC; 1980). Guidelines on sexual harassment, 45 Federal Register 74676 (10 November 1980), codified in 29 C.F.R. §1604.11. https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000674188

U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC; 2016). Select task force on the study of harassment in the workplace. https://www.eeoc.gov/select-task-force-study-harassment-workplace#_Toc453686302

* Weldesenbet, H., Yibeltie, J., & Hagos, T. (2022). Sexual harassment and associated factors among female nurses: The case of Addis Ababa Public Hospitals. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 3053–3068. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s372422

* Whicker, E., Williams, C., Kirchner, G., Khalsa, A., & Mulcahey, M. K. (2020). What proportion of women orthopaedic surgeons report having been sexually harassed during residency training? A survey study. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 478(11), 2598-2606. https://doi.org/10.1097/CORR.0000000000001454

Woman in Global Health (2023). The state of woman and leadership in global health. https://womeningh.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/WGH-Policy-Report-2023-2-1.pdf

* Worke, M. D., Koricha, Z. B., & Debelew, G. T. (2020). Perception and experiences of sexual harassment among women working in hospitality workplaces of Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia: A qualitative study. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-57397/v2

* Worke, M. D., Koricha, Z. B., & Debelew, G. T. (2021). Coping strategies and perceived barriers of women hospitality workplace employees to sexual harassment in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia: A grounded theory approach. BMC Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00648-w

* Zeidan, A., Patel, J., Dys, G., Dean, L., Curt, A., Lin, M. P., & Samuels‐Kalow, M. (2022). “Why bother?”: Barriers to reporting gender and sexual harassment in emergency medicine. Academic Emergency Medicine, 29(9), 1067–1077. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14544

* Zeighami, M., Mangolian Shahrbabaki, P., Zakeri, M. A., & Dehghan, M. (2021). Loss of individual and social identity: Consequences of sexual harassment of Iranian nurses in the workplace. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770859

* Zeighami, M., Mangolian Shahrbabaki, P., & Dehghan, M. (2022a). Iranian nurses’ experiences with sexual harassment in workplace: A qualitative study. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(2), 575–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00688w

* Zeighami, M., Zakeri, M. A., Mangolian Shahrbabaki, P., & Dehghan, M. (2022b). Strategies to prevent workplace sexual harassment among Iranian nurses: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912225

* Zeighami, M., Zakeri, M. A., Mangolian Shahrbabaki, P., & Dehghan, M. (2022c). Bitter silence allows sexual harassment to continue in workplace: A qualitative study in Iranian nurses. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.971522

Acoso sexual contra las mujeres en el trabajo: una revisión bibliográfica integradora